Frankenstein Essay -- Literary Analysis, Mary Shelley

Natural: A Very Lucid Concept Will it ever be workable for a machine to be a natural being? It is an intriguing inquiry and one that is tended to in Frankstein by Merry Shelly, RUR by Karel Capek and The Defecating Duck by Jessica Riskin. These three writings give understanding into what makes an animal a natural being. From these readings one may interpret that the duck in The Defecating Duck, alongside the robots toward the start of RUR can't be viewed as natural creatures, while the beast in Frankstein and the robots toward the finish of RUR can. A natural robot is a confusing expression; a robot doesn't have the concoction capacity to be viewed as organically natural. Albeit a synthetic procedure was implied in both it Frankstein and RUR, it was brief, a short section for each situation, and didn't give enough data to have the option to characterize either as a natural being. Be that as it may, there is a meaning of natural that can be applied to demonstrate that robots have the capacity to be organic,â€Å"[10th meaning of organic] something as having a development and improvement practically equivalent to that of living organisms† (Merriam Webster Dictionary). As it were, to be viewed as natural one must have the capacity and want to live. To yearn for a friend shows that one wants to interface with somebody in their life, and in this manner demonstrates that individual has an aching to be separated of the world. The beast in Frankstein wants to discover an individual he can interface with, and winds up going on an excursion to discover one. This excursion starts with the beast watching and in the long run beginning to look all starry eyed at a ranch family. â€Å"I framed in my creative mind pictures of introducing myself to them†¦I envisioned that they would be appalled, until, by my delicate disposition and con... ...ple. They are precisely more impeccable than we are†¦ however they have no soul† (Capek, 9). This statement by Domin discloses to Helena how robots are not human but rather just laborers. Domin further communicates this point by saying that. â€Å"Everything will be finished by living machines. Individuals will do just what they enjoy† (Capek, 21). These robots, for the present, are complicit with their place and demonstrate no craving to live. The robots, and duck neglect to demonstrate a longing to live and accordingly can't be viewed as natural creatures. The robots from the finish of RUR and the beast in Frankstein, dissimilar to the robots toward the start of RUR and the duck in the Defecating Duck, can be called natural creatures due to their craving to live. These three writings raised fascinating focuses to a perplexing inquiry of natural robots. Causing one to accept that lone time will have the option to tackle this conundrum.

Entrance to the Profession Narrative :: Essays Papers

Access to the Profession Narrative I recollect seventh grade Open House at my rural Catholic evaluation school in the southern bend of St. Louis’ Mississippi River. I recollect the glaring, bowl-formed amphitheater lights floating over processing guardians and timid colleagues, everybody searching for their own, or their own child’s work so they could make their outcries and continue ahead with the night. I recall it so well on the grounds that on my orange banner board expand, under a fifth grade school photoâ€with the red pullover sweater, plaid Peter Pan neckline, and bouffant bowâ€someone had composed â€Å"Aspiring Author.† I didn’t realize anybody knew. I didn’t even know myself. Perhaps it was in the tales I composed for our week by week jargon sentences. Or on the other hand the shows I established for book reports that ran fifteen minutes over our distributed five. Maybe I uncovered it in my Social Studies note pad with heaps of outlined, full-paragraphed meanings of Civil War subtleties, in the three-page sonnet I discussed from memory before the class, in energetic writing ventures, in my regular capacity to wrench out punctuation trees, or in the novella I turned in for a one-page composing task. It never became obvious me to well-spoken such an aspirationâ€perhaps on the grounds that it was excessively close. In any case, others could see itâ€this relationship with language. For whatever reasons, I kept on excusing that orange inflatable disclosure until quite a long while after I leftâ€I thoughtâ€the scholastic world behind for good. I see now why my undergrad years were such a battle. This bouffant-bowed competitor snared thrashing arms around a science major, when math and science had been just wellsprings of repetitiveness and wretchedness. Following a time of insufferable classes, I changed my major to Englishâ€more out of a feeling of disappointment than a feeling of right. My inspiration for getting a handle on onto science was the idea of an unmistakable, and maybe intriguing, work title following four years. My inspiration for running go into the arms of my previous darling was that it felt recognizable and characteristic. I flinched each time I heard somebody state, â€Å"Oh, an English major†¦what will you do? Teach?† Was that my lone alternative? I couldn’t do it. Indeed, I wanted to peruse and compose, to slither into sparkling passages of examination, to find thoughts as they uncovered themselves under my pen, yet everything appeared so†¦removed from life. Access to the Profession Narrative :: Essays Papers Access to the Profession Narrative I recollect seventh grade Open House at my rural Catholic evaluation school in the southern bend of St. Louis’ Mississippi River. I recollect the glaring, bowl-molded assembly hall lights drifting over processing guardians and timid colleagues, everybody searching for their own, or their own child’s work so they could make their outcries and continue ahead with the night. I recall it so well in light of the fact that on my orange banner board expand, under a fifth grade school photoâ€with the red pullover sweater, plaid Peter Pan neckline, and bouffant bowâ€someone had composed â€Å"Aspiring Author.† I didn’t realize anybody knew. I didn’t even know myself. Perhaps it was in the tales I composed for our week by week jargon sentences. Or then again the shows I ordered for book reports that ran fifteen minutes over our distributed five. Maybe I uncovered it in my Social Studies note pad with heaps of showed, full-paragraphed meanings of Civil War subtleties, in the three-page sonnet I discussed from memory before the class, in enthusiastic writing ventures, in my characteristic capacity to wrench out language structure trees, or in the novella I turned in for a one-page composing task. It never became obvious me to understandable such an aspirationâ€perhaps in light of the fact that it was excessively close. In any case, others could see itâ€this relationship with language. For whatever reasons, I kept on excusing that orange inflatable disclosure until quite a long while after I leftâ€I thoughtâ€the scholastic world behind for good. I see now why my undergrad years were such a battle. This bouffant-bowed hopeful snared thrashing arms around a science major, when math and science had been just wellsprings of repetitiveness and hopelessness. Following a time of intolerable classes, I changed my major to Englishâ€more out of a feeling of disappointment than a feeling of right. My inspiration for getting a handle on onto science was the idea of a reasonable, and maybe fascinating, work title following four years. My inspiration for running go into the arms of my previous darling was that it felt recognizable and common. I flinched each time I heard somebody state, â€Å"Oh, an English major†¦what will you do? Teach?† Was that my solitary choice? I couldn’t do it. Truly, I wanted to peruse and compose, to slither into sparkling passages of investigation, to find thoughts as they uncovered themselves under my pen, yet everything appeared so†¦removed from life.

bye

bye i graduated! *confetti noises* i took a semester off back in 2015, so im doing things a little out of order. instead of walking last spring, i finished my last semester of undergrad in the dead of winter. ill start work at  mit lincoln laboratory  next may, and then ill do the whole cap-and-gown thing with the 2018s in june. as far as endings go, the last few weeks of my last semester at mit were more of a slow burn than a bang. i sang my last concert with the wellesley-mit toons. classes ended and finals week started and i scheduled dinners and lunches and walks with friends, taking advantage of suddenly-open afternoons. i would see people and wonder if it would be the last time i saw them, if not ever, then at least for a while. i watched lady bird (excellent and emotional) and swiss army man (also excellent, also emotional) and went to a house party. i took my last final exam (6.006, intro to algorithms). i packed up my things. a few days after christmas, i submitted my thesis from a local coffeeshop in my hometown called mission coffee.     a few words on my thesis. content warning for the following paragraph, for mentions of suicide and mental health at mit. my undergraduate thesis for comparative media studies, at just about 50 pages of double-spaced garamond, was the most difficult thing ive ever written in my life. its about suicide and mental health and community wellness at mit and represents my own coming-to-terms with the place suicide takes within our culture. think of it as an extended reflection on what it means to be creating a community of people that care for each other in an environment that also has a reputation for unreasonable stress. i guess its my contribution to the many student  stories  of mental health  at mit. if you would like to read it, its called the cultural life of suicide: observing care and death at mit and the file is available here  (eventually a more-official-looking version will be made available with the mit libraries through dspace  but i think that takes a few weeks to happen).  my hope is that it can serve as one more resource, a record of how things are right now, to those at mit who care about ma king it a better, more humane place. i emailed my thesis to my advisor and that was it, basically. i went to some doctors appointments. i got my wisdom teeth removed. i reflected on the fact that i was totally, officially, finally done with undergrad. i looked back at my notes and found this paragraph from december 10, after my very last time singing with the toons (a guest performance for the olin college powerchords): toons sang for the olin powerchords' final concert tonight -- my last time singing with the toons, one final gig after our mit concert last night. tired and dry-mouthed because of being up late afterpartying at sigep, but the snow coming down and the music we knew well and everything everywhere mattering. snowballs and shuttle buses and moments to save for nostalgia. at dinner it came up that i was graduating and one of the powerchords asked me how does it feel? and i said i couldn't explain it, i felt like i had asked that question so many times to so many people and only now do i really understand why it is such a hard question to answer. but maybe this is the way of things. and i feel joy, and sentimental, and nostalgia for the present, and anticipation for what's next. silly with contentedness. there are things that happen when you graduate. you get gently removed from the club email list and the club slack channel and placed in the dignified-sounding alums group. sometimes this doesnt happen immediately so you get some trailing emails delegating tasks or announcing meetings that no longer apply to you. you add your permanent email address to all the mailing lists you want to stay on because you know mit is going to take away your @mit.edu email address eventually. you return all your library books. you hug lots of people and feel regret about the ones that you know you missed. and there are lots of thoughts. they come in a rush, all at once like they know youre finally done and you have the bandwidth to pay attention to them now. a few days after i turned in my thesis i wrote this: when it was done i felt exhilirated and free and giddy. and it was only a few hours later that i started feeling afraid. god, how i'm glad it's done, but, god, how i wish i had more time. when i was reading it before sending it i could see all the holes i wanted to fill. clunky sentences with all my writing tics; comma splices, chaining pairs of concepts together, lists of adjectives and nouns all cobbled together. organizational failings, wandering chains of thought, digressions, themes that appear and never get developed. ideas i had that didn't fit in anywhere, or that i didn't know how to understand, so i gesture towards them in passing or lump them into footnotes. and logical weaknesses, which are the scariest. statements i wrote down, which i think i stand behind, but i'm not sure if they are really well-supported. the thing is very far from airtight. what if you are wrong? i keep thinking. what if you make people angry, and they will be right to be angry, because you got it wr ong, and you didn't paint a fair portrait of this work? you should have done more interviews. you should have taken better fieldnotes and gone to more meetings. you should have managed your time better so that you weren't still making edits a half-hour before you submitted it. you should have spent more time writing. you should have spent more time editing. i guess its kind of like this austin kleon doodle, but after the last dot theres a lot of insecurity and also the wide open feeling of having completed something bewildering and not knowing what your life means in the absence of the thing youve been working on for so long. and that was true of my thesis and also true of mit in general, because suddenly while all my classmates are starting classes again and going to advisor meetings, im running errands in california, like going to the bank and getting my moms tires rotated, and somewhere in the back of my mind there is a small voice going um, excuse me, but what just happened? and the rest of my mind is going shh shut up just go with it. but it turns out being done and being home also meant lots of other things, like hanging out at midnight in a 24-hour mcdonalds or taking the BART to san francisco to reconnect with some old friends you havent seen in a while and reading a new book along the way. and i read zoe todds note to the exhausted anthropology student  and listened to the wailin jennys  and  darlingside  and maggie rogers and felt a little better. and i cleaned up house, digging through all my old files and documents from the last five years and organizing them all into neat filetrees and subdirectories, cyberspace boxes packed nicely in cyber-storage. and this also feels right, in a way, like there is a natural time for everything and when it passes, theres no point dwelling on it any longer. i scanned the papers i wanted to save and threw out the rest and very soon everything was in boxes and my room was empty. and as i left mit there were the familiar sounds of the kendall square t stop, and the doors closing, and then the quiet air of moving forward. Post Tagged #6.006 #a cappella #CMS - Comparative Media Studies #CMS - Comparative Media Studies #Wellesley-MIT Toons

Social Rules and Women Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Jude the Obscure is somewhat of a depressing novel, but nonetheless, it is a good book concerning relationships. Jude Fawley is a man who gets involved with two women: one named Arabella and one named Sue. The events surrounding their relations are detailed in the book. [Jude] remained in and about Marygreen through the intervening days, went out on Friday morning to see that the grave was finished, and wondered if Sue would come. She had not written, and that seemed to signify rather that she would come than that she would not. 6. George, Jean Craighead. Julie of the Wolves. USA: Harper Row Publishers, 1972.Julie of the Wolves is a novel about a girl named Julie (her real name is Miyax) who is put into a forced marriage to another Eskimo native named Daniel. In order to flee the abusive marriage, and the entire whole of Eskimo society, Julie lives out on the tundra, using her skills and abilities to survive. In the process, Miyax talks to the wolves in their secret language in o rder to make them help her get food for survival. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Rules and Women or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page One man, Lennie, accidentally snaps the neck of a beautiful woman, the new wife belonging to a man named Curley. He runs to try to get away, but he returns to a certain hiding spot where his friend George is able to find Lennie and shoot him. Curley s wife came around the end of the last stall. She came very quietly so that Lennie didn t see her. She wore her bright cotton dress and the mules with the red ostrich feathers. Her face was made up and the little sausage curls were all in place.

Urban Legend Needles Hidden Under Gas Pump Handles

A viral alert warns that evildoers are exposing innocent victims to the AIDS virus by attaching HIV-contaminated needles to gas pump handles. This is a long-discredited hoax that has been circulating since 2000 but continues to crop up years and even decades later. The samples of the hoax postings are included for your comparison. If you receive a similar warning via email or social media, you can safely ignore it. Its best not to continue circulating this hoax. Description: Internet hoax via email and social mediaCirculating since: June 2000Status: False Example Email contributed by R. Anderson, June 13, 2000: Please read and forward to anyone you know who drives. My name is Captain Abraham Sands of the Jacksonville, Florida Police Department. I have been asked by state and local authorities to write this email in order to get the word out to car drivers of a very dangerous prank that is occurring in numerous states. Some person or persons have been affixing hypodermic needles to the underside of gas pump handles. These needles appear to be infected with HIV positive blood. In the Jacksonville area alone there have been 17 cases of people being stuck by these needles over the past five months. We have verified reports of at least 12 others in various states around the country. It is believed that these may be copycat incidents due to someone reading about the crimes or seeing them reported on the television. At this point no one has been arrested and catching the perpetrator(s) has become our top priority. Shockingly, of the 17 people who where stuck, eight have tested HIV positive and because of the nature of the disease, the others could test positive in a couple years. Evidently the consumers go to fill their car with gas, and when picking up the pump handle get stuck with the infected needle. IT IS IMPERATIVE TO CAREFULLY CHECK THE HANDLE of the gas pump each time you use one. LOOK AT EVERY SURFACE YOUR HAND MAY TOUCH, INCLUDING UNDER THE HANDLE. If you do find a needle affixed to one, immediately contact your local police department so they can collect the evidence. ********* PLEASE HELP US BY MAINTAINING A VIGILANCE AND BY FORWARDING THIS EMAIL TO ANYONE YOU KNOW WHO DRIVES. THE MORE PEOPLE WHO KNOW OF THIS THE BETTER PROTECTED WE CAN ALL BE. ********** Social Media Posting As posted on Facebook, Jan. 26, 2013: HIV/AIDS Needles hidden under gas pumps In Florida and other places on the East Coast a group of people are putting HIV/AIDS infected and filled needles underneath gas pump handles so when someone reaches to pick it up and put gas in their car, they get stabbed with it. 16 people have been a victim of this crime so far and 10 tested HIC positive. Instead of posting that stupid crap about how your love life will suck for years to come of you dont re-post, post this. Its important to inform people, even if you dont drive, a family member might, and what if they were next? CHECK UNDER THE HANDLE BEFORE YOU GRAB IT!!! IT MIGHT SAVE YOUR LIFE! Analysis of Viral Warnings On June 20, 2000, mere days after the overwrought warning above first slammed inboxes across the Internet, the Jacksonville Sheriffs Department issued a press release declaring it a hoax. The Jacksonville Sheriffs Office has had no reports of such incidents and there is no Capt. Abraham Sands at the JSO, the statement said. Nor had any such incidents been reported elsewhere in the United States. Moreover, according to the CDC, there are no documented cases of HIV being transmitted via needle-sticks in non-health care settings, ever. The viral warning was, and is, entirely fictitious. It did add an interesting new wrinkle to the HIV needle-stick rumors already circulating online in various forms since 1997. Previous variants warned of tainted syringes planted in movie theater seats and pay phone coin slots, not to mention random stealth prickings (for lack of a better phrase) in nightclubs and other crowded public places. Copycat Pranks All these variants have been investigated and deemed false by authorities with the sole exception of a spate of apparent copycat pranks that occurred around the beginning of 1999 in western Virginia. According to police there, actual hypodermic needles were found in the coin slots of public phones and bank night deposit slots in a couple of small towns in the area. None were found to be contaminated with HIV or any other biological agent. Presumably, the pranksters were imitating rumors that had already been circulating online for months. Groundless though it may be, the conviction that unknown assailants are intentionally spreading AIDS by hiding contaminated needles in public places remains popular, especially on the email forwarding circuit. One reason is that these tales and other urban legends like them provide an outlet for unspoken fears—of strangers, of the motives of some of the more marginal members of society, of AIDS itself. Theyre cautionary tales, albeit ones that dont really function as such—not literally, at any rate—in that they fail to address the primary way HIV is actually transmitted: unsafe sex. Personal Risk By virtue of the fact that each of these fictitious scenarios depicts the transmission of HIV via acts of penetration, each works as a metaphor for sex. Consider the claim that one risks exposure to HIV simply by inserting ones finger into the coin slot of a public phone. The imagery isnt pretty, but its apt. Now were being warned to be careful when pumping gas, to take all due precautions before sliding the nozzle into the tank. Sound advice? Metaphorically speaking, yes! CDC Statement This statement appeared on the CDC.gov site in 2010. Have people been infected with HIV from being stuck by needles in non-health care settings? No. While it is possible to get infected with HIV if you are stuck with a needle that is contaminated with HIV, there are no documented cases of transmission outside of a health-care setting. CDC has received inquiries about used needles left by HIV-infected injection drug users in coin return slots of pay phones, the underside of gas pump handles, and on movie theater seats. Some reports have falsely indicated that CDC confirmed the presence of HIV in the needles. CDC has not tested such needles nor has CDC confirmed the presence or absence of HIV in any sample related to these rumors. The majority of these reports and warnings appear to be rumors/myths. Sources CDC. HIV Transmission: Questions Answers. Centers for Disease Control. 25 Mar. 2010.Chapin, Veronica. â€Å"Calls About Email Hoax Flood Sheriffs Office.† Florida Times-Union.McKenzie, Aline. HIV Hoax Pumps Up the Fear of Infection. Dallas Morning News, 26 May 2001.Sun Media. Infected Needles Tale a Hoax. London Free Press, 22 Mar. 2007.

Carpe Diem Free Essays

Alex Rohret Mrs. Oxley English 1302 22 February 2013 The Light and Dark Sides of the Force The first time I heard the phrase Carpe Diem, I wasn’t sure what to think. First of all, I had never heard either of the words used in the phrase. We will write a custom essay sample on Carpe Diem or any similar topic only for you Order Now Secondly, after repeating the words in my head a few times to see if I was getting them mixed up with some other words that are actually in the English Language. I later came to figure out that these words weren’t in the English Language at all; they’re in the dead language of Latin. This phrase’s literal translation in English is â€Å"Seize the Day. There are a number of similar phrases that are popular today that might be easier to understand. The most recent, and possibly more popular, is Yolo, meaning You Only Live Once. These two phrase’s purpose is to tell people to live each day like it’s their last. Robert Herrick’s Poem; To the Virgins to Make Much of Time, is a perfect way to tell others how to live each day to the fullest when he says â€Å"Gather  ye rosebuds while ye may, Old time is still a-flying : And this same flower that smiles to-day To-morrow will be dying. This is the first stanza to his poem, and in my opinion is t he best stanza of the poem. Herrick’s meaning behind this stanza is basically to Seize the Day. This stanza’s translation, to me, is to do what you want while you can because you will not live forever, and if you don’t do what you want today, then tomorrow you might not get the chance to do anything at all. The reason that we’re studying Carpe Diem is because of the movie Dead Poets Society. The setting of Dead Poets Society takes place in the 50’s at an all boy’s prep school, where it always seems to be cold. A new English teacher, Mr. Keating, at the school inspires a group of kids to start an underground poetry reading group, where the students read poems written by dead poets, or written by themselves. All of the poems read at these meetings follow the same meaning: carpe diem. The name of this group is the Dead Poets Society. Out of Herrick’s same poem â€Å"That age is best which is the first, When youth and blood are warmer; But being spent, the worse, and worst Times still succeed the former. † This excerpt explains that it is better to live life to the fullest while you’re young, because as you age, you lose chances to seize the day. The Dead Poets Society is adolescent boys, which is exactly the time to seize the say according to To the Virgins to Make Much of Time. The adolescents in this society interpret Carpe Diem differently, because there is more than one way that it can be interpreted. Since there are different ways to interpret Carpe Diem, each character does something different. For example, a boy named Knox meets a girl from the local public High School, and falls for her. He works up the courage to call her one night, and she invited him to a party at her boyfriend’s house, where he kissed her, and proceeded to get beaten by her boyfriend. Another boy, Charlie, changes his name to Nuwanda, and insists all of the dead poets to call him as such. During a school wide meeting, Nuwanda brings in a phone and pretends to get a call from god, he then tells the headmaster that the call is for him. All of these boys do exactly what Herrick says in his poem. They are gathering ye rosebuds, while they can. I like to think of Carpe Diem as similar to The Force in Star Wars: there is a dark side, and a light side. The side that most of us would like to know is the side where one does whatever they want and only has fun doing it, which is known as the light side. The dark side is where one does what they want, but what they want to do may be way overboard, and the repercussions of their actions may lead to serious consequences, or even death. One of the boys, Neil, has an overbearing father that is making him go to school to be a doctor. But what he really wants is to be an actor. Mr. Perry would say things like, â€Å"You have opportunities that I never even dreamt of, and I am not going to let you waste them! †(Dead Poets Society). This, to me, is what set Neil over the edge. I believe that at this moment he realized that his father was trying to live through him. This was the moment that Neil finally has had enough, this was Neil’s climax. What happens to Neil brings out the dark side of the force that is known as Carpe Diem. Instead of talking to his father about what he wants, he does something as drastic as taking his own life. Neil went entirely too far with living each day like it is you last, because he would have lived the next day, if it were not for his poor choices. The resolution of this film doubles as another boy’s climax. Todd is a very bashful boy that only tries to do what is expected of him. Todd was even bashful through Mr. Keating’s teachings of Carpe Diem and all of the Dead Poets Meetings that took place. But at the end of the film, Todd finally broke his silence, and stood up on the desk saying O captain my captain, defying his temporary replacement teacher’s orders. He does this in honor of Mr. Keating, and everything that he taught them. Soon enough all of the members of the Dead Poets Society, as well as a few other students that have no relevance, are standing on their desks saying the same phrase, O captain my captain. To the Virgins to Make Much of Time played a big role in the Dead Poets Society, by capturing the lighter side of carpe diem. This poem also captures what I believe carpe diem means to me: Live life to the fullest, and to live life while the blood is still warm. This poem embodies carpe diem, and everything that the Dead Poets Society stood for. Understanding how the film and the poem connect so deeply helps the viewer, or the reader, appreciate them both just that much more. Works Cited Herrick, Robert. â€Å"To the Virgins to Make Much of Time. † Trans. Array  The Poerty in Dead Poets Society. OxleyPrint. Weir, Peter, dir. Dead Poets Society. Writ. Tom Schulman. 1989. DVD. 10 Feb 2013. How to cite Carpe Diem, Papers

One Child Policy DBQ free essay sample

In 1949, Mao Zedong governed China from nineteen forty nine to nineteen seventy six. Chinas population was poor at the time and the government was running out of ways to help chinas economy fix itself. China was in a dire need for a change. So Mao decided that he would encourage families to have more and more children. His logic was that the more people birthed would mean more workers to work on farms, ensuing a stronger China. He wanted China to thrive and surpass the richer nations. Mao did not realize this at the time but China was about to become one of the most overpopulated countries to exist. After he helped China get on its feet he decided to make a drastic change called the Great Leap Forward. The goal of the Great Leap Forward was to change China from a lush traditional country to a hard, steel producing nation. This recoiled on him and his people started starving because China was not importing enough food to support the growing population, causing thirty million deaths. He needed to fix this problem and fast. His solution was to slow down the growing birth rate with the slogan â€Å"Late, long, and few. † The idea behind the slogan was for couples to marry late and have few children. After this, the fertility rate in China was cut in half in only nine years. This decrease in fertility rate did not settle well with the government so the Chinese government implemented the -one-child policy to further decrease the fertility rate. The one-child policy was a policy that banned the Han Chinese, which makes up 90% of Chinas population, from having more than one child. (Background Essay. ) Despite the harsh measures it took to put the one-child policy in place, research has shown that the policy has boosted the self esteem of children and saved the environment by increasing the water amount per capita. Currently over 90% of urban Chinese children and 60% of rural children have no siblings. This is impacting the way children act with each other. Some may argue that the one-child policy is crippling the upcoming generation because the children are becoming more spoiled but that is just a matter of opinion. According to Document F only children have been more likely to score higher on test, make better grades, and are more sociable because of this policy. The reason for the increase of test scores is because the parents let their children grow up with a more privileged life. Since the parents of only children have no other siblings they want to invest the education of their children. This means getting them the education they need to prepare them for the work force weather it’s a public school or it’s a private academy. If the one-child policy was not enforced the parents of several children would not be able to afford the lavish life and academic opportunities schooling they receive today. Aside from the education aspect of the policy, daughters with ought siblings favor this policy because they are viewed as important. Female only children are a jewel in the eye of the parents. They have no other siblings to fight for the attention they crave. The one-child policy has also benefited the only child girls because it has changed the way women are seen in society. Women used to be viewed as less important in society but today women play roles in important high paying jobs that men used to obtain (Document D). The one-child policy has certainly benefited the children of China today by increasing the women’s role in society and the opportunity to get a better education. The economy and the environment have been affected by the one-child policy as well. Henan, a city in China that is affected by the one child policy, has recently been stressed for resources. It has a quarter of the water and one fifth of the land per capita in comparison to the national average. This means that the average person in Henan has less water and land per person that any other city or nation (Document C) This is putting an increased amount of pressure on the water supply. To solve this problem the government put in place the one child policy. The one-child policy has decreased the amount of people in China by five point eight number of kids per woman in nineteen seventy to an astonishing two point seven kids per woman in nineteen seventy nine (Document B). This prevented nearly two hundred and fifty million births in China (Document E). This decreased the amount of water pollution (by thirty point eight percent) and sulfur dioxide emissions by seventeen point six percent because there were less people to use up the water and emit sulfur dioxide. (I need help on the transition). Document A shows that before the one child policy was put in place there where steep inclines in the number of people each year, for example the population increased by one hundred and fifty million from nineteen sixty to nineteen seventy. But when the one-child policy was implemented the growth of the population was about forty thousand in one year. The reason the policy isn’t declining just yet is because when the policy was put in place the generation of people who had five or six sibling were still alive (generation X). When generation X stopped having children, because of the one-child policy, they were still alive keeping the population high in China. Once generation X dies off, the population will start decreasing, creating the attended affect of the one child policy. It is predicted that in 2100 the population will have decreased to nine hundred and forty million. This is amazing in comparison to Chinas population peak at one hundred and forty million in 2030 (Document A) Despite the harsh measures it took to put the one-child policy in place, research has shown that the policy has boosted the self esteem of children and saved the environment by increasing the water amount per capita. The policy has decreased the pollution and increased the amount of water available for the people of Henan. The policy has proved affective so far and once generation X dies off the rate that the population is decreasing will jumpstart. Although it may seem cruel to some, it seems affective to many. It has prevented between 250 to 400 million births in Henan. If the one-child policy was not implemented Chinas population would have spiraled out of control and China would have been put into a mass recession and millions would have died from famine. In the eyes of many the one-child policy has really saved China from recession.

How themes are still relevant today free essay sample

Goodmorning Ladies and Gentlemen, today I am here to talk to you about how Romeo and Juliet is relevant today. More specifically how the theme of love displayed is relevant in modern society. Love, its everywhere. Its human nature to love and be loved. Whether its the 1800s or the year 3013 love will never go out of fashion. The first notion of love in the play is when Romeo is infatuated with Rosaline. His love for her is quick, childish and unrequited. Shakespeare presents Romeo as merely being in love with the idea of being in love. Rosaline does not return the love he has for her, and Romeo grieves over this. An example of this is in Act 1 Scene 1 when Romeo says Well, in that hit you miss, shell not be hit, With cupids arrow, she hath Dians wit We have all been in that situation where you have a crush on someone and they dont like you back. We will write a custom essay sample on How themes are still relevant today or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The audience and people in modern society can really relate to this idea and theme. Love at first sight. Shakespeare has conveyed this idea in Act 1 Scene 5 when Romeo sneaks into capulets party even though there familes are enemies, once he is there he lays eyes on Juliet and says did my heart love till now? forswear it, sight! For i neer saw true beauty till this night Romeo was overwhelmed with desire and passion for Juliet. He realised his feelings were shallow and trivial. For Romeo and Juliet it was love at first sight. This still happens in todays society, many people relate to this and dream about such a thing happening to them. People today go to nightclubs and parties and fall in love just like Romeo and Juliet. Love at first sight is a timeless idea that is relevant in todays society. In Romeo and Juliet shakespeare perfectly captures what it is like to be young and in love. Its a feeling that anyone can somehow relate too. The rush of being in love and the desire to make it last forever is displayed in Act 2 Scene 2 when Juliet says my bounty is as boundless as the sea, my love as deep, The more I give to thee, the more I have, For both are infinite Although the love they both have for each other is beautiful and passionate, it is because of this love that they both commit suicide. Besides the obvious romantic love between Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare also explores another kind of love. The love between Juliet and the Nurse. Juliet and the Nurse share a very close bond. Juliet sees the nurse as a confidant, friend and a mother figure. The Nurse just wants to protect Juliet and see her happy. This can be seen in Act 3 Scene 5 when she tries to stand up to Lord Capulet when he is yelling at Juliet. You are to blame, my lord,to rate her so. Although the audience in the modern society may be able to relate to this relationship on some level, it isnt really relevent in modern society. Today it is very abnormal for a 13 year old girl to still be under such constant care by someone other than her parents. Womens rights have dramatically changed since the elizabethan time period. In conclusion although some ideas are not relevent today, the theme of love and the meaning behind the play are still relevant in modern society. Teenagers will always be falling in love, teenagers will always think there parents dont understand them and unfortunatly suicide will still be committed by some. Thankyou.

Tips to Give Your Texts a Perfect Polishing!

Tips to Give Your Texts a Perfect Polishing! Fifteen Great Tips for Proofreading When it comes to proofreading, the fifteen tips below have proven effective in all sorts of discipline from arts subjects through to medicine and science papers. As well as devising your own techniques, why not try these and choose the ones that work well for you? NB:If a tutor or publisher gives specific instructions on proofreading, adhere to them.Be mentally prepared: Proofreading is an art that requires you to be patient, focused, and willing to give a sufficient amount of your time. Make sure, therefore, that you are not distracted, in a hurry, or over-tired. Gather up all the tools you will need: Firstly, this means printing out proofs. Even if you have chosen to or are required to electronically mark a document, work first with a printed version. Mistakes that are sometimes not obvious on screen can often be evident on a paper version. As well as an original or edited copy of the document and their publishers or tutors instructions (e.g. a guide to editing marks), proofreaders usually need spare paper, a ruler, and some colored pens. Look at the bigger picture: Begin by comparing your printed proof to the first or original text, or to an edited copy where applicable. Make sure every element is present. Think about every detail: The next step is proofreading every part of the text, including any illustrations, tables and reference lists. Look for any spelling and/or punctuation errors, as well as any errors in illustrations and tables. Additionally, depending on your instructions, check for errors in notations, symbols, numbers and generally any type of error. Leave nothing to trust or chance: Every word, sentence and paragraph should be read thoroughly and slowly. Nothing should be assumed. Put your ruler beneath each line as you read or cover all text except the sentence you are reading with a piece of paper. Concentrate on small details: Highlight or mark symbols and punctuation marks so that you can concentrate on them. Look for mistakes in smaller words e.g. in articles, conjunctions, and so on. Look hard at illustrations and tables: Are these in the right place and right order? Are there any errors in captions and titles? Is all cross-referenced text accurate? All numbers, scientific symbols and notations should be double-checked: Be extra careful when examining notations and numbers, in both text and tables. Is everything numbered in sequential order and shown correctly on printed proofs? Corrections should be noted with two proofreading marks: Use in-text marks (e.g. carets, lines, and so on) as well as the associated margin marks (e.g., notations or symbols). Thoroughly check that all marks are in the correct place. NB: Refer to a guide or manual on Proofreading Marks if necessary. Margin marks should be separated: A slash mark / should be used for separating marginal marks on the one line. For example, to note similar corrections on one line, a slash should be added for each individual correction (e.g., the word caps and three slashes (/ / /) indicates three instances where capital letters are needed). Instructions should be circled: Place a circle around any margin mark that is an instruction, even short forms e.g. caps for capital letters, ital for italics, and lc for lower case letters. Distinguishing instructions from words that should be entered into a text eliminates confusion. Make sure margin marks correspond correctly: It is essential to work from the left margin to the right, making sure that all margin marks are an exact match with the in-text marks. One proofreading is not sufficient: A lot of mistakes are often found in the second or even third reading. Be clear about what you are looking for each time. For instance, look for spelling mistakes first time, then mistakes in symbols and numbers and next something else. Use different techniques: Use a variety of tips, techniques and methods when proofreading. Read aloud, get another person to read your text aloud, or swap proofreading projects with other people. Look for a method that works well for you. Have frequent rests/breaks: Work out break times in advance, but take a break earlier if you feel tired or start rushing. After one full proofreading, break for longer one day if you can before embarking on the next round.

BAD NEWS MESSAGES Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BAD NEWS MESSAGES - Assignment Example The program guarantees insurance of all legal members, but excludes the non-employees from the benefit. The involvement of Uniquix company legally employees enhances a smooth planning process for the program. The management is able to account for the number of employees of Uniquix Company. However, the current scenario has posed a great challenge to the management and the human resource management. The sneaking of the unscrupulous people to the program has increased the cost for the program and caused speculation among the managers. This is because there is uncertainty pertaining to the resources allocated to the human resource department and the number of non-registered employees who require exemption from the program. The issue has caused uproar in the Uniquix company management because of the limitation of the company’s resources. In this regard, there is need for corporate responsibility in the elimination for the menace. The staff ought to be vigilant of the strangers in the fitness program. The non-employees should be reported to the Uniquix company authority to save the company’s resources. The staff should take the initiative of knowing the Uniquix company employees. This will help in the identification of non-employees. The human resource management part will ensure that sophisticated information management systems are introduced at the on-site fitness program to screen the employees who take part in the program (Martin, 2010). The information system will capture the employee details including the names, the date of birth, the sex, the insurance unique numbers, and other biometric features. This results in the reduction of the cost of development and growth of employees of Uniquix Company. Concerted effort in the identification and consequent elimination of non-employees is essential. This move will improve the productivity of the company and help gain a competitive mileage. The

MKT3018 E-retailing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

MKT3018 E-retailing - Assignment Example The number of users of eBay had increased considerably. In the year 2000, the total views of eBay sites were almost 120–130 m on a daily basis and the figure rose to 325 m per day in 2003 (Frost & Et. Al., 2003). Resource Capability of eBay From the inception of eBay, it had outsourced the administration and prerequisites of the core constituents of the technical capability, for example, bandwidth prerequisite, website hosting, and data axis hosting at the same time owing to the authentic server controlled in the hosting hubs. Technical Capability For a company to become more feasible in internet shopping the most important factor is the technical capability. It is important for a company to have strong technical capacity in order to survive in the business. The technical capability signifies adequate capability to serve web pages, stock listings, customer details and sales transaction procedures. These features play vital part for drawing fresh customers as well as maintainin g existing customers. With regard to eBay, its technical capability is made up of several modules which are bandwidth, inventory capability, and processing capability. These modules are administered independently in eBay. eBay has ‘system availability’ which works as a substitute for capacity, since it replicates the part of customer requirements that are supplied successfully by eBay. It is the crucial objective of eBay’s capability planning (Frost & Et. Al., 2003). Product Development Capability (PDC) Through Product Development Capability (PDC), eBay had made itself a strong competitor in the internet shopping segment. In the perspective of eBay, PDC is not only the improvement to the core site utility but also the accumulation of additional...Feasibility Of Developing Expanded Internet Shopping Capability Of eBay eBay is known as one of the leading international online marketplaces where people can shop almost anything. It provides a stage for trading products or services by various communities and businesses. eBay has the capability to provide expanded internet shopping (eBay Inc, 2011). eBay had started its operations in the year 1995. It had good capability in marketing and thus it successfully adjusted with the exceptional growth in the e–retailing industry. The number of users of eBay had increased considerably. In the year 2000, the total views of eBay sites were almost 120–130 m on a daily basis and the figure rose to 325 m per day in 2003 (Frost & Et. Al., 2003). Resource Capability of eBay From the inception of eBay, it had outsourced the administration and prerequisites of the core constituents of the technical capability, for example, bandwidth prerequisite, website hosting, and data axis hosting at the same time owing to the authentic server controlled in the hosting hubs. Technical Capability For a company to become more feasible in internet shopping the most important factor is the technical capability. It is important for a company to have strong technical capacity in order to survive in the business. The technical capability signifies adequate capability to serve web pages, stock listings, customer details and sales transaction procedures. These features play vital part for drawing fresh customers as well as maintaining existing customers. With regard to eBay, its technical capability is made up of several modules which are bandwidth, inventory capability, and processing capability. These modules are administered independently in eBay. eBay has ‘system availability’ which works as a substitute for capacity, since it replicates the part of customer requirements that are supplied successfully by eBay. It is the crucial objective of eBay’s capability planning (Frost & Et. Al., 2003). Product Development Capability (PDC) Through Product Development Capability (PDC), eBay had made itself a strong competitor in the internet shopping segment. In the perspective of eBay, PDC is not only the improvement to the core site utility but also the accumulation of additional services such as payment approval and dispensation, seller assessment and authorisation, expansion of new marketplace e.g. real estate industry and B2B apparatus transactions. In eBay, the PDC includes numerous interior and external resources i.e. practical skills needed to construct and organise pioneering software services that are employed by PDC procedure. The PDC procedure heavily depends on existing shoppers’ contribution to create and authenticate ideas for new services along with interior business expansion and feasible expansion of the brand & operational capabilities.

Aspergillus Fumigatus Identification and Molecular Character

Aspergillus Fumigatus Identification and Molecular Character IDENTIFICATION AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF Aspergillus fumigatus FROM SOIL R. V. Shalini, and Dr. K. Amutha ABSTRACT: Soil was collected, serially diluted and pure culture obtained; slant was prepared in potato dextrose agar and maintained throughout the study. Morphological, microscopical and macroscopically identification were carried out on the isolated organism. DNA was isolated from the 24 hour culture, for ITS-PCR amplification. DNA was amplified by mixing the template DNA (50nm) with the polymerase reaction buffer, dNTP mix, primers and Taq. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed in a total volume of 50Â µL reaction mixture. The PCR product was mixed with loading buffer (8Â µL) containing 0.025% bromophenol blue, 40% w/v sucrose in water and then loaded in 2% agarose gel with 0.1% of ethidium bromide and the amplified product was visualized under a UV trans illuminator for further examination. The PCR products were finally sequenced using the help of an automated DNA sequencer at progen Ltd (Salem, India) and analyzed with the BLAST program provided by the National Center f or Bio-technology information (NCBI) to confirm the fungal species. The current study demonstrates that DNA genome containing 18S rRNA has a high degree of analytical sensitivity and specificity (100%) for the detection of a wide range of fungi. OBJECTIVE: To isolate, identify and characterize Aspergillus fumigatus using molecular biological methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The soil was collected from different places, pooled together allowed to be dried at room temperature. The morphology based identification of Aspergillus was done which includes the size, shape, colour, ornamentation of spore and mode of attachment. Unfortunately a lot of difficulties arose for phenotypical identification of this fungus due to its unstable characteristics. Comparatively a DNA sequence-based identification format appeared to be the most promising in terms of its speed, ease, objectivity and reliability for species identification. RESULTS: The preliminary morphology based studies showed the isolated fungi as a species of aspergillus.However after the DNA isolation followed by sequencing it was concluded that the particular species identified as Aspergillus was Aspergillus fumigatus. KEY WORDS: Aspergillus, serial dilution, DNA, Sequenced. INTRODUCTION: The presence of organic matter in the soil affects the quantity and quality of microbes in the soil. The development of micro fungi in the soil is favoured by soils having acidic reaction and aerobic condition which is likely present in the soil. However the amount of degradation in the soil is brought about by the organisms present in the soil. 1The rate at which the organic matter is decomposed is inter related with soil microbes. (Arunachalam et al., 1997). Microorganisms come in various sizes and shapes and is determined by the soil ph., temperature, available moisture, degree of aeration, availability of nutrients in the soil etc. The genus of spore forming fungi is found worldwide out of which Aspergillus is the most dominant species and is ubiquitoes.Out of that 95% is occupied by Aspergillus fumigatus. The other pathogenic forms of Aspergillus species are Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus terreus etc. This fungi exists only in mycelial f orm, and is thermo tolerant capable of growing at temperatures between 15-53Â °c.Being a spore producing fungi the spores gets dispersed by wind in the atmosphere. 2Aspergillus fumigatus is the most common among all the airborne saprophytic fungal pathogens in immune compromised patients mostly in developed countries (Latge, 1999). It is the main pathogenic agent of various diseases caused in humans including invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, aspergilloma and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (Tomee van der Werf, 2001) – the former is a frequent cause death in immune compromised patients. The possession of different virulent traits gives A. fumigatus the ability to cause these diseases. It is a known fact that other members of the genus Aspergillus are either less pathogenic or non- pathogenic. Identification of the most common and important species remains problematic due to the variability in the phenotypic characters. However a validated and a careful approach of phenotypic classification (taxonomy) together with phylogenetic treatment of DNA sequence data is a prerequisite for a reliable and a rapid identification. In our inve stigation we used the molecular techniques (sequencing) for the reliable identification rather the identification based on their microscopic and few physiological features. MATERIALS METHODS: Collection of soil samples: Soil samples were collected from different places (in and around Chengalpattu). The surface deposits were removed to a depth of about 10 cm and the exposed soil was collected to a depth of 2-3cm. The collected soil samples were stored in zip locked covers stored in refrigerator temperature for further analysis. The collected soil samples were passed through a sieve to remove the stones and other impurities. Isolation of fungi: The glass wares were sterilized in an autoclave to a temperature of 120Â °c for twenty minutes. The chemicals were of analytical grade (Himedia). The method used for the isolation of fungi from soil was serial dilution method. 1 gm of soil was weighed and mixed in 10ml of double distilled sterile water. This was used for preparing serial dilutions. 1 ml of the final dilution (10-6 ) was pipetted into the prepared potato dextrose agar media (PDA) amended with a suitable antibiotic Chloramphenicol (12mg/100ml). The plates were incubated at 30Â °c for about seven days. Fungi that appeared on petriplates were isolated. The isolates were picked up based on apparent dissimilarity of cultural characteristics and purified. The purified isolates were identified according to the genera on the basis of cultural characteristics such as nature of growth, spore colour, and pigment production, and on morphological characteristics of mycelia and fruiting bodies (Domsch etal., 1980; Raper and Fenne ll 1965) and maintained in agar slants for future use3. Isolation of DNA: Genomic DNA was extracted from 24 hour old culture. Measured 100 micro gram of mycelium into a sterile 1.5- micro centrifuge tube. Simultaneously ground 1 microgram of dried (vacuum filter mycelium first) in a mortar and pestle treated with liquid nitrogen 5-6 times. Poured the frozen powder into the Eppendorf tube. Added 660 750 Â µl of lysis buffer and 10 Â µl of B-mercaptor.Vortexed the mixture for a few seconds. And Incubated at 65Â °C for 1 hour. Used a water bath for incubation. Centrifuged at a speed of 3400 rpm for 5 minutes at room temperature and aspirated out the top layer.Transfered the top aqueous layer into a fresh Eppendorf tube discarded the bottom layer. Measured out 700 Â µl of chloroform, isoamyl alcohol (24:1) into Eppendorf tube and adjusted the volume to meet a 1:1 ratio of aqueous phase.Vortexed the mixture for a few seconds. Centrifuged at a speed of 12000 rpm for 10 minutes at room temperature and aspirated out 550 600 Â µl of the top layer. Transfered the top aqueous layer into Eppendorf tube and discarded the bottom layer. Added 0.1volume of 3m potassium acetate and 0.7 volume of isopropanol. Mixed well by inverting the tube not by vortexing.Centrifuged for about 10 minutes and discarded the supernatant. Added 0.5 mL of ice cold ethanol (70% and inverted the tube gently, again it was centrifuged for about 5 minutes in a spinner) finally the pellets were resuspended in 100Â µl of TE buffer (PH-8). After further purification DNA was quantified spectrophotpmetrically and the quality was analyzed in 0.9% agorose gel. Amplification of 18srRNA by PCR: For ITS-PCR amplification, DNA was amplified by mixing the template DNA (50nm) with the polymerase reaction buffer, dNTP mix, primers and Taq polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed in a total volume of 50Â µL reaction mixture containing Primer (2Â µM/Â µL) 8.0Â µL 10X Buffer 5.0 Â µL 2mM dNTP Mix 5.0Â µL Taq DNA polymerase (5U/Â µL) 0.5Â µL Template DNA (50ng) 2.0Â µL Sterile distilled water 29.5Â µL Total volume 50.0Â µL PCR amplification condition: Amplification was carried out in a primus advanced gradient thermocycler. The PCR was programmed with an initial denaturing at 94Â °C for 5 min, followed by 30 cycles of denaturation at 94Â °c for 30 seconds, annealing at 61Â °c for 30 seconds, and extension at 70Â °c for 2 minutes and a final extension at 72Â °c for 7 minutes. The PCR product was mixed with loading buffer (8Â µL) containing 0.025% bromophenol blue, 40% w/v sucrose in water and then loaded in 2% agarose gel with 0.1% of ethidium bromide and the amplified product was visualized under a UV trans illuminator for further examination. (Sequencing) Sequencing of ITS region for identification of isolated fungi : Chosen Samples of the genomic DNA containing 18S rRNA were shortlisted for more specific species confirmation by using DNA sequencing. The sequenced PCR product was aligned with other isolate sequences from NCBI genbank for identification. The PCR products were finally sequenced using the help of an automated DNA sequencer at progen Ltd (Salem, India) and analyzed with the BLAST program provided by the National Center for Bio-technology information (NCBI) to confirm the fungal species. RESULTS: Macroscopic and Microscopic Analysis: Analysis of the isolated Aspergillus species showed variation in the colony colours, texture, and reverse side colours (table 1 and 2). The morphological microscopic and molecular characteristics showed that the isolate is Aspergillus fumigatus (details given in table 1and 2). Morphological characters of colony (table1) Characteristics Aspergillus fumigatus Surface colour Margins Reverse side Growth Green to dark green Entire Yellow Rapid Microscopic characteristics (table2) Characteristics Aspergillus fumigatus Hyphae Branched septate Conidiophore Present Vesicle Dome shaped Conidia Present Phialides Uniseriate Fruiting body Cleistothecia Fig A1 Fig A2 Morphological characterization of Aspergillus species on potato dextrose agar A1-Aspergillus fumigatus surface colour, A2-Reverse side of the colony. DNA sequencing of ITS region for identification of species: The species of fungi from the PCR sample was identified by DNA sequencing of the internally transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rRNA gene. Segments of the entire ITS regions, including partial 5.8S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer 2, complete sequence, 28S rRNA,partial sequence were amplified using the primer PGF04 5’-GGC ATC GGC C-3’. Amplification of the ITS region of strain Aspergillus fumigatus had a size of 1703bp. It was submitted to the NCBI and the accession number KC 119199 was received. M 1 2 Fig A3 represent the banding pattern of Aspergillus fumigatus from PCR reactions Lane M= Marker, Lane 1= Aspergillus fumigatus, lane 2=Aspergillus fumigatus. DISCUSSION: Detection of A. fumigatus is of great concern because it is a dangerous allergen associated with aspergillosis 5(Abraca et al., 1994; Schuster et al., 2002; Noonimabcet al.2009; Edwin et al., 2010; Gautam et al., 2011). This highlights the importance of correct identification and taxonomical differentiation between different species of Aspergillus. The taxonomy of Aspergillus has always been complex due to its great number of species (nearly 250), which have very few differences. The identification of different Aspergillus species, on the basis of their morphological characters (example, colony colours, and reverse side) is one of the oldest and most adopted methods. Some of the species of Aspergillus have the same morphological features which make it difficult to distinguish between them it is also a time consuming process and may not be accurate (Klich and Pitt, 1988; Samson et al., 2004)6. This shows that morphological and microscopical characters are not enough for fungal identification and it renders the need of molecular techniques for correct species identification. Molecular characterization on the other hand, is a rapid and a quick procedure which requires minimal handling of pathogens. It also helps in distinguishing morphologically, similar fungal species. Several similar studies on the application of PCR technology were used for the identification and detection of fungi, by using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) were already been studied and published7 by several scientist (Henson and French, 1993; Marek et al., 2003; Haughland et al., 2004; Druzhinina etal., 2005).. Many more such studies were also carried out very recently by God et and Munaut (2010) in the differentiation of Aspergillus flavus, A.parasiticus, A.tamarii and A.nomius by PCR-RAPD markers. Similarly, Leema et al. (2010) confirmed the species A. flavus by verifying; using the molecular methods that is, by amplification of the internally transcribed spacer regions. By using the help of RAPD-PCR, 8Khan et al. (2007) studied diversity in various Aspergillus niger isolates sourc ed from pigeon pea fields .Several molecular techniques have been tested to classify different Aspergillus species like random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) (Yuan et al., 1995), the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (Kumeda and Asao, 1996; Henry et al., 2000; Kumeda and Asao, 2001; Rigo et al., 2002) and the aflatoxin gene cluster (Chang et al., 1995; Watson et al., 1999; Tominaga et al., 2006). In this study care was taken to choose the genomic DNA containing 18sRNA specifics primers that were helpful in amplifying medically important fungi. The genomic DNA containing 18s rRNA was the right candidate for detection of fungus as it is a mutli-copy gene which evolves slowly and is conserved among fungi. The present study proves that the genomic DNA containing 18s rRNA based PCR is suitable for probing large range of medically significant fungi owing to its higher level of analytical sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSION: In this present study we had shown that molecular techniques are rapid and best for identification of fungi than the traditional morphological methods for early diagnosis and treatment of fungal infections. The goal of our study was to identify a practical, quick, cheap, method for the identification of A. fumigatus, the most common of the Aspergillus pathogens. REFERENCES: Arunachalam K, Arunachalam A, Tripathi RS, Pandey HN. 1997 – Dynamics of microbial population during the gradation phase of a selectively logged subtropical humid forest in north east India. Tropical Ecology 38, 333–341. Sirida Youngchim,1,2 Rachael Morris-Jones,1 Roderick J. Hay3 and Andrew J. Hamilton1 Production of melanin by Aspergillus fumigatus Journal of Medical Microbiology 2004, 53, 175–181. Domsch, K.H.,Gams W. and Anderson T.H. 1980.Compendium of soil fungi, vol 1.IHW-Verlag,Eching.,Raper,K.B.andFennel,D.I.1965.The genus Aspergillus (Baltimore: Williams Wilkins). Ferrer C, Colom F, Frases S, Mulet E, Abad JL, Alio JL:Detection and identification of fungal pathogens by PCR and by ITS2 and 5.8S ribosomal DNA in eye infections. J ClinMicrobiol 2001, 39(8): 2873-2879. Abraca ML, Bragulat G, Cabanes FJ 1994. Ochratoxin A production by strains of Aspergillus flavus var. niger . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:2650-2652. Klich MA, Pitt JI 1988. Differentiation of Aspergillus flavus from Aspergillus parasiticus and other closely related species.Trans. Br.Mycol. Soc.91:99-108. Henson J, French R 1993. The polymerase chain reaction and plant disease diagnosis. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol.31:81-109. Khan MR, Anwer MA, Mohiddin FA 2007. Molecular diversity in Aspergillus isolates collected from pigeonpea field in Aligarh region.Environ. Biol. Conserv. 12:59-64. Godet F, Munaut F 2010. Molecular strategy for identification in Aspergillus section flavi. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 304:157-168. Leema G, Kaliamurthy J, Geraldine J, Thomas PA 2010. Keratitis due to Aspergillus flavus: Clinical profile, molecular identification of fungal strains and detection of Aflotoxin production.Mol. Vision 6:843-854. Yuan G, Liu C, Chen C 1995. Differentiation of Aspergillus parasiticus from Aspergillus sojae by Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:2384-2387. Kumeda Y, Asao T 2001. Heteroduplex panel analysis a novel method for genetic identification of Aspergillus section flavi strains. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:4084-4090. Chang PK, Ehrlich KC, Bhatnagar JD, Cleveland TE 1995. Increased expression of Aspergillus parasiticus aflR, encoding a sequence specific DNA-binding protein, relieves nitrate inhibition of aflatoxin biosynthesis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:2372-2377.

Was Anne Hutchinson a Threat to Puritan Elite?

â€Å"Was Anne Hutchinson a threat to the Puritan elite? † LaToya McSwain US History 1 November 20, 2012 Believing that the Church of England had strayed too far from its original doctrine, disgruntled group of churchgoers decided to withdraw from the church. In an effort to escape persecution they fled to America. This group became known as the Puritans. Though, in their opinion, the church had strayed from God’s word, they held firm to their position that the Bible was God’s blueprint for daily living.The Puritans believed the church of that day was too saturated with irrelevancy; therefore, in an effort to purify religion, they felt the need to peel off those irrelevant formalities. Hence, the name Puritans-purifying their religion, as well as, their lives. Their strong spiritual convictions served as both a blessing and a curse. It served as a blessing in that it unified them and provided hope during hardships. It served as a curse in that they developed a so mewhat judgmental view of others as worldly if their actions didn’t coincide with the Puritan faith.There is also the idea of â€Å"pre-destination†. Each individual’s lifestyle indicated your standing with God. If you were well off, it was assumed you were in good standing with God. If you were poor, you obviously were not in good standing with God. Placement in heaven and hell was already pre-determined by God and no one knew their destiny. This is uncertainty is what kept the Puritans on the straight and narrow path. If the way of Puritan life is not strictly adhered to, individuals face harsh criticism and discipline-both by the church and society.One of the first American feminist, Anne Hutchinson, believed each individual should have the right to freedom of worship, speech, and thought. She did not deviate from her beliefs, ethics, or ideas no matter what it would cost her. There was never any intention to make anyone angry or hurt anyone’s feelings with her beliefs. Anne Hutchinson was born in a town called Alford, Lincolnshire, England in July, day unknown, 1591. Her birth name was Anne Marbury. She was born to Francis Marbury, a deacon, and Bridget Dryden.Her father, a deacon at Christ Church, Cambridge, was arrested due to his open deplore of the clergy’s lack of competence. He was in jail for a year for his ideas and abrasive words. Because of Anne’s father’s beliefs, she took a strong liking to religion very young in her life. By age 21, she was married to Will Hutchinson. During her life, she bore 15 children with her husband. She and her family followed the word and teaching of John Cotton, Protestant minister. John Cotton had some of the same ideas her father had when she was growing up, but now these same ideas and teachings were accepted by Puritanism.

The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 2

Elena burst out of the backseat of the Jaguar and ran a little way from the car before turning to see what had fallen on top of it. What had fallen was Matt. He was in the process of struggling to get up off his back. â€Å"Matt – oh, my God! Are you all right? Are you hurt?† Elena cried at the same time as Matt was shouting in tones of anguish: â€Å"Elena – oh, my God! Is the Jag all right? Is it hurt?† â€Å"Matt, are you crazy? Did you hit your head?† â€Å"Are there any scratches? Does the moonroof still work?† â€Å"No scratches. The moonroof is fine.† Elena had no idea if the moonroof worked, but she realized that Matt was raving, off his head. He was trying to get down without getting any mud on the Jag, but he was handicapped since his legs and feet were covered with mud. Getting off of the car without using his feet was proving difficult. Meanwhile, Elena was looking around. She herself had once fallen from the sky, yes, but she had been dead for six months first and had arrived naked, and Matt fulfilled neither requirement. She had a more prosaic explanation in mind. And there it was, lounging against a yellowwood tree and eyeing the scene with a very slight, wicked smile. Damon. He was compact; not as tall as Stefan, but with an indefinable aura of menace that more than made up for it. He was as immaculately dressed as always: black Armani jeans, black shirt, black leather jacket, and black boots, which all went with his carelessly windblown dark hair and his black eyes. Right now, he made Elena acutely aware that she was wearing a long white nightgown that she had brought with the idea that she could change her clothes underneath it if necessary while they were camping. The problem was that she usually did this just at dawn, and today writing in her diary had distracted her. And all at once the nightgown wasn't the correct attire for an early-morning fight with Damon. It wasn't sheer, being more akin to flannel than to nylon, but it was lacy, especially around the neck. Lace around a pretty neck to a vampire – as Damon had told her – was like a waving red cloak in front of a raging bull. Elena crossed her arms over her chest. She also tried to make sure that her aura was pulled in decorously. â€Å"You look like Wendy,† Damon said, and his smile was wicked, flashing, and definitely appreciative. He cocked his head to the side coaxingly. Elena refused to be coaxed. â€Å"Wendy who?† she said, and at just that moment remembered the last name of the young girl in Peter Pan, and winced inwardly. Elena had always been good at repartee of this kind. The problem was that Damon was better. â€Å"Why, Wendy†¦Darling,† Damon said, and his voice was a caress. Elena felt an inward shiver. Damon had promised not to Influence her – to use his telepathic powers to cloud or manipulate her mind. But sometimes it felt as if he got awfully close to the line. Yes, it was definitely Damon's fault, Elena thought. She didn't have any feelings for him that were – well, that were anything other than sisterly. But Damon never gave up, no matter how many times she rejected him. Behind Elena was a thump and squelch that undoubtedly meant Matt had finally gotten off the roof of the Jag. He jumped into the fray immediately. â€Å"Don't call Elena, Elena darling!† he shouted, continuing as he turned to Elena, â€Å"Wendy's probably the name of his latest little girlfriend. And – and – and do you know what he did? How he woke me up this morning?† Matt was quivering with indignation. â€Å"He picked you up and threw you on top of the car?† Elena hazarded. She talked over her shoulder to Matt because there was a faint morning breeze that tended to mold her nightgown to her body. She didn't want Damon behind her just now. â€Å"No! I mean, yes! No and yes! But – when he did, he didn't even bother to use his hands! He just went like this† – Matt waved an arm – â€Å"and first I got dropped into a mud hole and next thing I know I got dropped on the Jag. It could have broken the moonroof – or me! And now I'm all muddy,† Matt added, examining himself with disgust, as if it had only just occurred to him. Damon spoke up. â€Å"And why did I pick you up and put you down again? What were you actually doing at the time when I put some distance between us?† Matt flushed to the roots of his fair hair. His normally tranquil blue eyes were blazing. â€Å"I was holding a stick,† he said defiantly. â€Å"A stick. A stick like the kind you find along the roadside? That kind of stick?† â€Å"I did pick it up along the roadside, yes!† Still defiant. â€Å"But then something strange seems to have happened to it.† From nowhere that Elena could see, Damon suddenly produced a very long, and very sturdy-looking stake, with one end that had been whittled to an extremely sharp point. It had definitely been carved from hardwood: oak from the look of it. While Damon was examining his â€Å"stick† from all sides with a look of acute bafflement, Elena turned on a sputtering Matt. â€Å"Matt!† she said reproachfully. This was definitely a low point in the cold war between the two boys. â€Å"I just thought,† Matt went on stubbornly, â€Å"that it might be a good idea. Since I'm sleeping outdoors at night and a†¦another vampire might come along.† Elena had already turned again and was making appeasing noises at Damon when Matt burst out afresh. â€Å"Tell her how you actually woke me up!† he said explosively. Then, without giving Damon a chance to say anything, he continued, â€Å"I was just opening my eyes when he dropped this on me!† Matt squelched over to Elena, holding something up. Elena, truly at a loss, took it from him, turning it over. It seemed to be a pencil stub, but it was discolored dark reddish-brown. â€Å"He dropped that on me and said ‘scratch off two,'† Matt said. â€Å"He'd killed two people – and he was bragging about it!† Elena suddenly didn't want to be holding the pencil anymore. â€Å"Damon!† she said in a cry of real anguish, as she tried to make something out of his no-expression expression. â€Å"Damon – you didn't – not really – â€Å" â€Å"Don't beg him, Elena. The thing we've got to do – â€Å" â€Å"If anybody would let me get a word in,† Damon said, now sounding truly exasperated, â€Å"I might mention that before I could explain about the pencil someone attempted to stake me on the spot, even before getting out of his sleeping bag. And what I was going to say next was that they weren't people. They were vampires, thugs, hired muscle – but these were possessed by Shinichi's malach. And they were on our trail. They'd gotten as far as Warren, Kentucky, probably by asking questions about the car. We're definitely going to have to get rid of it.† â€Å"No!† Matt shouted defensively. â€Å"This car – this car means something to Stefan and Elena.† â€Å"This car means something to you,† Damon corrected. â€Å"And I might point out that I had to leave my Ferrari in a creek just so we could take you on this little expedition.† Elena held up her hand. She didn't want to hear any more. She did have feelings for the car. It was big and brilliantly red and flashy and buoyant – and it expressed how she and Stefan had been feeling on the day that he bought it for her, celebrating the start of their new life together. Just looking at it made her remember the day, and the weight of Stefan's arm around her shoulder and the way he'd looked down at her, when she'd looked up at him – his green eyes sparkling with mischief and the joy of getting her something she really wanted. To Elena's embarrassment and fury, she found that she was shaking slightly, and that her own eyes were full of tears. â€Å"You see,† Matt said, glaring at Damon. â€Å"Now you're making her cry.† â€Å"I am? I'm not the one who mentioned my dear departed younger brother,† Damon said urbanely. â€Å"Just stop it! Right now! Both of you,† Elena shouted, trying to find her composure. â€Å"And I don't want this pencil, if you don't mind,† she added, holding it at arm's length. When Damon took it, Elena wiped her hands on her nightgown, feeling vaguely light-headed. She shivered, thinking of the vampires on their trail. And then, suddenly, as she swayed, there was a warm, strong arm around her and Damon's voice beside her saying, â€Å"What she needs is some fresh air, and I'm going to give it to her.† Abruptly Elena was weightless and she was in Damon's arms and they were going higher. â€Å"Damon, could you please put me down?† â€Å"Right now, darling? It's quite a distance†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Elena continued to remonstrate with Damon, but she could tell that he had tuned her out. And the cool morning air was clearing her head a bit, although it also made her shake. She tried to stop the shivering, but couldn't help it. Damon glanced down at her and to her surprise, looking completely serious, began to make motions as if to take his jacket off. Elena hastily said, â€Å"No, no – you just drive – fly, I mean, and I'll hang on.† â€Å"And watch for low-going seagulls,† Damon said solemnly, but with a quirk at the side of his mouth. Elena had to turn her face away because she was in danger of laughing. â€Å"So, just when did you learn you could pick people up and drop them on cars?† she inquired. â€Å"Oh, just recently. It was like flying: a challenge. And you know I like challenges.† He was looking down at her with mischief in his eyes, those black on black eyes with such long lashes that they were wasted on a boy. Elena felt as light as if she were dandelion fluff, but also a little light-headed, almost tipsy. She was much warmer now, because – she realized – Damon had enfolded her in his aura, which was warm. Not just in temperature, either, but warm with a heady, almost drunken appreciation, as he took her in, her eyes and her face and her hair floating weightlessly in a cloud of gold around her shoulders. Elena couldn't help but blush, and she almost heard his thought, that blushing suited her very well, pale pink against her fair complexion. And just as blushing was an involuntary physical response to his warmth and appreciation, Elena felt an involuntary emotional response – of thankfulness for what he had done, of gratitude for his appreciation, and of unintentional appreciation of Damon himself. He had saved her life tonight, if she knew anything about vampires possessed by Shinichi's malach, vampires who were thugs to begin with. She couldn't even imagine what such creatures would do to her, and she didn't want to. She could only be glad that Damon had been clever enough and, yes, ruthless enough to take care of them before they got to her. And she would have to be blind and just plain stupid not to appreciate the fact that Damon was gorgeous. After having died twice, this fact did not affect her as it would most other girls, but it was still a fact, whether Damon was pensive or giving one of those rare genuine smiles that he seemed to have only for Elena. The problem with this was that Damon was a vampire and could therefore read her mind, especially with Elena being so close, their auras intermingling. And Damon appreciated Elena's appreciation, and it became a little cycle of feedback, all on its own. Before Elena could quite focus she was melting, her weightless body feeling heavier as it molded itself to Damon's arms. And the other problem was that Damon wasn't Influencing her; he was as caught up in the feedback as Elena was – more so, because he didn't have any barriers against it. Elena did, but they were blurring, dissolving. She couldn't think properly. Damon was gazing at her with wonder and a look she was all too used to seeing – but she couldn't remember where. Elena had lost the power to analyze. She was simply basking in the warm glow of being cherished, being held and loved and cared for with an intensity that shook her to the bone. And when Elena gave of herself, she gave completely. Almost without conscious effort, she arched her head back to expose her throat and closed her eyes. Damon gently positioned her head differently, supported it with one hand, and kissed her.

The Characters Of The Beloved Characters - 1881 Words

Everyone tries to be like the actors or characters they see on television or in movie theatres. Often times people can’t really see themselves as one character because they see too many negative aspects, and instead choose a character that they want to be more like because the traits of that character are more appealing. People often try to associate themselves with different aspects of a character. Some people may say something like â€Å"This character is so generous, I’m like this character because I am extremely generous†. Everyone wants to be associated with a character or more than one character, usually for better reasons rather than negative, but all in all, we try to find characters that help give us the appearance we look for as a†¦show more content†¦I have few friends, but the friends I have are true friends, they are always there for me and I am always there for them. I love them with all my heart and there isn’t anything we wouldnâ⠂¬â„¢t do for each other. I always have a very difficult time making new friends. Not because people don’t like me, but because starting conversations with people is hard for me. My friends found me when I was emotionally alone and they took me in. My life has been forever changed because of these few individuals. I care for them more than I care for myself. They are closer to me than some of my own family. Being socially awkward and shy is not a fun thing to be. I can never seem to be the kind of person that everyone wants to hang out with. At first, it did feel awful, but I’ve come to learn that I don’t have to get along with everyone, not everyone needs to be my friend. I have found my own friends and they are all I need. Being shy is just something that has always been with me. Going back to my first day in grade school, I was always shy to talk to people I’ve never seen before and if I did it was always an awkward moment. I naturally just became sort of an outcast and hung out with very few people. 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